1)
Introduction
This page is used as a site for distributing translation / transformation
codes relevant to work with occupational base unit data across the range of
countries covered by the CAMSIS project. It serves a purpose for the CAMSIS
project by illustrating the derivations used at various stages in the CAMSIS
scale constructions. Other researchers may also find this site of eneral
interest. Many of the files distributed here were supplied to us by other
researchers and organisations, references being contained within the texts of
the files.
Other websites that we are aware of which serve closely related
purposes include :
Please beware that this page is maintained voluntarily and we cannot be
responsible for any errors found in the text below or in the files distributed
from it. Comments on or corrections to this page are welcome, but we cannot
gaurantee a response in all cases. We recommend that other users treat the
distributed files here with caution, but would encourage any researchers who
have used these files to contact us
with details of any comparability problems and errors observed.
NB: The GEODE project, commencing October 2005 and run by the same researchers as this site, is also concerned with distrubuting occupational information. In time, is expected to supersede this page.
4 Resources:
For any given occupational title unit schema, we deal with up to four
relevant types of translations / transformations, from our starting point of
data which represents the numeric category score of a base occupational unit
in whichever title schema is used. First, most schema incorporate information on officially defined occupational 'major' and
'minor' subgroups, which can be obtained by a direct recoding of occupational
unit clusters. The files supplied here usually include text to
calculate such subgroup boundaries. Second, many original data files do not
include associated text 'value labels' for all relevant
base units and subgroup categories, so when this information is readily
available we supply it here. Third, and perhaps of greatest 'FAQ' value to
many researchers in this field, we see that within many countries there is
often more than one occupational base title unit schema in use, for instance
through the updating over time of national title unit categories, or through
the existence of parallel schema such as national specific versions compared
with the cross-nationally harmonised ISCO schema. At this site we provide,
when available, files which allow for the translation
between various alternative occupational title unit schema within a given
country. Some of these translations are 'officially sanctioned' whereas
others constitute only working approximations, made either by us or by other
researchers. Finally, we are interested in the ability to assign, to occupational unit titles, index scale values which
represent information on an occupational unit's expected social stratification
position. The CAMSIS webpages as a
whole concentrate on providing files for the matching of CAMSIS scale scores
with relevant occupational title base units. In addition, in some examples we
have readily obtained information allowing for the matching of other
occupational unit index values and categorisations (some of which require
additional information on employment status). Relevant links are supplied in
some of the files here .
The files below are supplied in a number of formats which vary between
countries and versions concerned. Ideally, we will have included a
'descriptive' file which shows the initial unit and the appropriate new value
in adjacent columns (eg a plain text file or a Microsoft Excel worksheet),
plus a ready to use statistical command file, most frequently using SPSS
syntax files. The formats of the latter may vary, but our preference is to
define the required translation as a 'macro', or sub-program, and subsequently
run the macro on the relevant base unit data. In SPSS this works by running
the translation files provided here as 'include' files, then calling the
relevant macro with a specification of it's name. The text below illustrates
the active SPSS syntax used in a simple example macro which adds value labels
to two occuppational base units named 'hocc' and 'wocc'.
* Illustrative SPSS command syntax, for adding value
* labels to the variables hocc and wocc.
* First, call the macro file "versionlabels.sps",
* which defines the value label macro :.
include file="[path]versionlabels.sps".
*.
* Contents of file versionlabels.sps :
|
* include file for defining value labels.
define occlab (occ=!enclose('{','}') ).
add value labels !occ
100 "Doctor" 101 "Dentist" 102 "Vet" nnn "etc etc etc".
!enddefine. |
* Next, call the macro for the two variables, and check results.
occlab occ={hocc wocc}.
fre var=hocc wocc.
The page below contains links to downloadable resources, and explanatory
comments when necessary, sorted by the type of resource and country of
relevance.
[CAMSIS
home]
2) The ISCO Schema
|
Summary of downloadable
files |
The ISCO ("International Standard Classification of Occupations") schema is
designed as a spectrum of occupational titles which have applicability to most
national societies. The schema is developed by the International Labour Office
where this
website gives information on the ISCO system, including full details of its 1958, 1968 and 1988 versions, and information on its revision planned for 2008. The IER website at
Warwick Univeristy also supplies information on the
ISCO schema, including data on the commonly used European Union variant of the 1988 version, known as ISCO88(COM). ISCO title units are increasingly used in both cross national and
national specific census and survey datasets, and are used in many, though not
all, of the CAMSIS versions for each country. This paper by Peter Elias is an excellent introduction to
the ISCO schema. It also discusses trends in the progress towards adoption of
ISCO classifications throughout the international community, and early
comments on the availability of translations between ISCO units and national
specific schema.
A number of refinements have been made to the ISCO schema over time, with
the core versions representing 1958, 1968 and 1988 operationalisations.
Additionally certain variants to the core schema exist, for instance the
1988-ISCO(COM) version, which is specifically refined for use in the European
Union, and the work of the SSEE project, which added categories to the ISCO 1988 schema
to allow for the incorporation of occupational units which were especially
common or unique to Eastern European and State Socialist societies.
Subgroup structures: Each ISCO schema is 'decimally hierarchically'
structured around a sequence of nested 'major', 'submajor' and 'minor' group
units. Additionally, a related strucure to the ISCO units advocated by Elias
and McKnight 1994 (see the IER website above) can be used to separate
occupational titles into four 'skill' level groups, reflecting the ISCO title
units' ultimate definition around the technical components of alternative
jobs. We have used the following files to define major group structures in the
latest two versions : ISCO-88(Com);
ISCO-68
.
Value labels: The following files define macros in SPSS which add
English value labels to ISCO title unit and subgroup categories : ISCO-88(Com);
ISCO-68
.
Translation between ISCO versions: A website
maintained by Harry Ganzeboom for the ISMF project provides translation
codes between ISCO-68 and 88. Codes for doing the same in the Stata package have been provided by
John Hendrickx to the IDEAS database,
for ISCO68 and
ISCO88. .
Links with other schema: From the versions
page of this site, CAMSIS schema linked to ISCO values can be obtained for
Britain, the USA, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, Ireland and Turkey [provis
from 22.4.02]. Harry Ganzeboom's ISMF site provides linkages between the
ISCO and ISEI / SIOPS 'status' and 'prestige' indexes. There are also files
allowing for translation from ISCO to the EGP (aka Goldthorpe; CASMIN) social
class categories, assuming some additional information on employment
status.[May also add refinements of these files?]. The pages of the SSEE project also
provide similar translations, though this time incorporating features of the
occupational structure more specific to Eastern European societies. Note that
the ISEI, SIOPS and EGP schema, at least in their ISCO variants, are imposed
as equivalent between countries, whereas the CAMSIS schemas are separately
derived between countries.
[CAMSIS
home]
3)
National Specific Occupational Units Versions
| Resources available for the following countries :
|
The notes below cover information when available
covering four potential sources : unit schema subgroup classifications; unit
schema value labels; translations between alternative unit schema, and between
national versions and ISCO; and linkages to other available occupational index
information.
Australia
|
Summary of downloadable
files |
Herman van der Werfhorst's website includes information on
the Australian 1973 and 1990 schema, including value labels and translations
to ISCO-68 and 88 units.
[CAMSIS home]
Colombia
|
Summary of downloadable
files |
| Sub-group derivations: |
|
| Text value labels: |
1973 |
| Translations between versions: |
|
| Links to other schema: |
|
The IPUMS International project website includes documentation
on the Colombian 1973 Census occupational classification.
[CAMSIS home]
Finland
|
Summary of downloadable
files |
| Sub-group derivations: |
|
| Text value labels: |
|
| Translations between versions: |
NSC
to ISCO-68 |
| Links to other schema: |
|
Jani Erola and Pasi Moisio have supplied this
file which translates the Nordic Standard Classification of Occupations as
used in Finland (known as AML-80), into the four digit ISCO-68 version.Our
understanding is that there are three recent versions of the Nordic Standard
Classification of Occupations in use in Finland, AML-80; AML-87 which is
approximately based upon ISCO-58 and relates to the Swedish Nordic Standard
Classification NYK-83; and AML-97 which is approximaely equivalent to
ISCO-88.
[CAMSIS
home]
France
| Summary of downloadable files |
This
file is an SPSS syntax file which lists value labels for the French
'PCS' occupational classification ('Code des Professions - categories
socio-professionnelles'). The PCS occupational schema is widely used in
France. It goes to 4-digits of detail and covers around 400 different
units, the finer units approximately mapping to ISCO-88 subunits (however,
we do not presently know of a translation file linking PCS to ISCO). The
PCS version labelled here, on which our CAMSIS scores for France Version
1 are based, is that in use in 2003. Most of the text labels were supplied
to us by Yannick
Lemel of CREST. A few English translations were also taken from the
IPUMS-International
site.
[CAMSIS home]
Germany
|
Summary of downloadable
files |
| Sub-group derivations: |
KldB
1975 |
| Text value labels: |
KldB
1975 |
| Translations between versions: |
|
| Links to other schema: |
|
The two
CAMSIS scales constructed for contemporary Germany were derived separately
from different datasets, the base units being the German national 'KldB 75'
(Klassifizierung der Berufe, Ausgabe 1975) schema (the 1991 CAMSIS dataset),
and the ISCO-88(COM) scheme (1995). We do not at present know of a direct
method of translating between the schemes [an evaluation of a 'crosswalk' between the two schemes is described in a recent paper from the 2006 E-SEC conference - see Hausen et al 2006].
Supplementing the description of the KldB 75 units elsewhere on in the CAMSIS
webpages, this
file contains SPSS syntax to add English value labels to the KldB 75
units, whilst this
file derives subgroups from the KldB structure as well as adding value
labels to them. Details on the subgroup coding, value labelling, and
translation between versions and to other schema of the ISCO-88 units are in
the section above.
[CAMSIS home]
Ireland
|
Summary of downloadable
files |
The Irish CAMSIS version was conducted on the Central Statistical Office
(CSO) 1996 Census classifications. Code showing the derivation of subgroups
should be added shortly, whilst this
file shows SPSS code for adding unit group value labels to the CSO base
units.
Richard
Layte of the ESRI has
supplied us with a number of conversion files which apply to the CSO
occupational units. These include a conversion between the preceding CSO
1986 categories and the 1996/91 CSO codes; a conversion from the ISCO-88
codes to CSO86 categories; a conversion from the Irish CSO96
codes to the 1990 Cambridge Scale values (ie the precursor to the CAMSIS
scale constructions); and a conversion from the ISCO-88
categories to the ISEI status scale values (equivalent to that provided on
Harry
Ganzeboom's ISMF webpages). Please note however that these conversions
were derived manually and there may be some errors or misleading translations
included.
[CAMSIS home]
Kenya
|
Summary of downloadable
files |
| Sub-group derivations: |
|
| Text value labels: |
1989 |
| Translations between versions: |
|
| Links to other schema: |
|
The IPUMS International project website includes
documentation on the Kenyan 1989 Census occupational classification.
[CAMSIS home]
Mexico
|
Summary of downloadable
files |
The IPUMS International project website includes
documentation on the Mexican Census occupational classifications of 1960,
1979, 1990, and 2000.
[CAMSIS home]
Netherlands
|
Summary of downloadable
files |
Further details may be added on relevant occupational unit groups in the
future, but an English translation of the national schema used is on the CAMSIS page
covering the Netherlands data.In the meantime, Harry
Ganzeboom's pages covering the ISMF project include much more information
on translating between the Dutch national schema and ISCO versions, as well as
further details on the Dutch national classification..
[CAMSIS home]
Spain
|
Summary of downloadable
files |
| Sub-group derivations: |
|
| Text value labels: |
CNO-94
(English) |
| Translations between versions: |
|
| Links to other schema: |
|
The CAMSIS version for Spain is constructed on the Spanish CNO-94
occupational unit scheme. Jorge
Rodriguez has supplied us with an English translation of the CNO-94 value
labels, which can be obtained through this
SPSS syntax file.
[CAMSIS home]
Sweden
|
Summary of downloadable
files |
The Swedish data used for the CAMSIS project is coded to the Nordic
Standard Classification of Occupations NYK83 as used in the 1990 census
('NYK83:fo85/90'). There are several variants of this classification in use.
The first Swedish NYK, of 1978, was closely designed around the ISCO-58
categorisation. The Swedish usage of the NYK83 version in the 1990 census
differs very slightly from the originally specified NYK83, as detailed
here (this info was supplied by Erik
Bihagen, the Swedish partner on the CAMSIS project). Since September 2005, Erik Bihagen's website has included links to SPSS format translation keys which enable recoding between different types of Swedish occupational. codes.
An SPSS file containing code to derive 'Major' and 'Minor' subgroups to the
NYK83:fo85/90 schema can be found here.
Code to add English text value labels to the categories of the base units and
subgroups can be found here.
Whilst the first NYK classifications were originally based upon the ISCO-58
classification, and could in principle be readily translated to all ISCO
codes, there is no official linkage between NYK83 and modern ISCO derivations.
A working solution is to derive approximations of the translations from NYK to
ISCO. At present, this file
generated by Erik Bihagen shows estimated links from NYK83 to ISCO88, though
preferably with the additional use of 'SEI' information. We have also obtained
one broad classification of the NYK83 schema into ISCO-68 Major groups,
supplied here
(Swedish-English translation: 'samt' = and, 'utom' = except; this file was
supplied via Erik Bihagen from SCB). However it should be pointed out that an
NYK to ISCO translation is inherently problematic because a number of NYK
categories have a broader coverage than ISCO units (there are further comments
on this in the downloadable NYK83 to ISCO88 file). This occurs most notably in
various examples of engineering jobs, where in NYK senior enginereers and
technicians are combined into the same unit groups, but in ISCO schemes they
are separated.
(Note in addition that the translation listed above for Finland, linking
the Finnish version of the Nordic Standard Classification, AML-80, to ISCO-68
codes, does not to use the same version of Nordic Standard Classification
codes as the Swedish NYK83:fo85/90. For information, in Finland the AML-87
Nordic Standard Classification schema is approximately equivalent to the
Swedish NYK83, but the codes above use the AML-80 schema).
[CAMSIS home]
Switzerland
|
Summary of downloadable
files |
The Swiss 1990 CAMSIS versions were derived separately on the original
Swiss 1990 census classification schema (here termed 'PBER'), and on ISCO-88
categories. This
file for linking cases between the schema was supplied to us. As detailed
on the project pages and report for the Swiss
version, however, it was felt that this schema contained an error, the
misleading assignment of the 'miscellaneous' PBER category 47101 to the
ISCO-88 category 9320; in our analyses, we excluded those cases from the
subsequent scale estimation.
The PBER units can be categorised into subgroups using this
SPSS syntax, whilst text value labels in French can be assigned to the
PBER schema through this
code. A very rough English translation of those titles can be found here.
[CAMSIS home]
United Kingdom
|
Summary of downloadable
files |
Occupational unit data in the UK is routinely classified into
the national occupational classification (SOC, the Standard Occupational
Classification). This schema has itself been revised in the first year of
every decade since 1960. A short note which mentions the use of occupational
unit groups and their relation to classifications as applicable to recent
British data is accessible in an electronic journal as Lambert 2002 (p9-12). An easily read paper by Exley and Thomson, downloadable as part of the documentation for
the British Social Attitudes Survey, reviews the use of the two
contemporary SOC schemes in the UK.
The CAMSIS research has been conducted on the 1990 and 1970
versions (CAMSIS scores using SOC 2000 units should be calculated
fully at some point in 2006). Some information concerning the linkage and
compatibility between such versions is on the CAMSIS pages for the 1991 and 1971 unit
versions (the 1970 SOC's can be linked with the 1960 units, and the 1990 SOC's
with the 1980 units).
The revision creating SOC2000 units was substantial and it is
our understanding that there will never be a direct linear translation between
SOC 2000 units and SOC 1990 units. However the SOC 2000 manual (vol2), also
available in electronic form from the Occupational Information Unit
(occupation.information@ons.gsi.gov.uk), does show, jointly, which SOC90 and
SOC2000 units a list of 26,000 contemporary occupational titles would be
classified into. We have used this linkage to create an interim set of CAMSIS
scores for SOC2000 units, see the versions
page, which are an approximation based upon SOC90 CAMSIS scores. The file
containing these links also includes codes to link SOC2000
with several UK categorical schemes : NS_SEC, RGSC and SEG (the latter two
being approximations only).
This
file contains SPSS code for adding value labels to the 1970 schema, whilst
this
file both calculates subgroup units, and adds value labels, to the 1990
schema.
In recent years, UK software
packages have been used by data collectors to associate occupational title
reports with the occupational unit group categories of the various SOC schema.
The first software, CASOC,
produced for 1990, is a DOS based programme which covers
occupational codes spanning 1960-1990, and may be purchased from the University
of Warwick site. In 2004, an updated package catering to
the SOC2000 (occupational classification) and SIC92 (industrial classification)
is being developed, called CASCOT.
This project includes a package which may be purchased for high volume use
(under development), and a free web interface allowing
the input of title descriptions leading to output of SOC/SIC categories. In
addition, a programme associated with the first (CASOC) package, named CAMCOM,
can be used to translate those unit group categories into a selection of variables
indicating social stratification schema (the Cambridge Scale, the national
'Registrar Generals Social Class' and SEG Schema, the Golthorpe schema and
related groupings, and an ISCO-88 unit category).
Outwith CASOC/CASCOT
programmes, a few other resources can link occupational classifications with
consituent unit groups. The downloadable CAMSIS index files available elsewhere
on these pages contain links from SO2000, SOC90 and earlier unit group
schemes, to CAMSIS scores, and several other widely used socio-economic classifications,
including NS-SEC, SEG, RGSC and EGP schemes. These extend the set of index
files which were previously available from download from the website for
the release of Cambridge Scale values (available c1996-2002, University of Cambridge). These link SOC unit groups,
from 1966 through to 1990 versions, with the range of stratification
schemes serviced by the CAMCOM programme - the Cambridge scale, government classifications, and various EGP
related schemes. For SOC2000, an extensive website concerning the national
statistics socio-economic classification holds step-by-step instructions
on how to, first, code occupational information into SOC2000 unit groups,
then second, make use of derivation
tables showing the 'officially sanctioned' occupational classification,
NS-SEC (follow the link 'how to derive NS-SEC').
Finally, code for linking the 1990 and 2000 SOC schema with
ISCO-88 was obtained from the Occupational Information Unit, Office for
National Statistics, Segensworth Road, Titchfield, Fareham, Hampshire, PO15
5RR, Occupation.Information@ons.gsi.gov.uk . These syntax files show the
linkage for 1990
and 2000
versions respectively, although they both ideally require some additional
information on employment status and size of establishments. The original
Excel spreadsheets supplied by the OIU can be found here.
Once translated into ISCO-88, those code values can then in turn be translated
into ISCO related schema as those detailed on the ISMF website - a direct 1990SOC
to ISEI code is here - although there is some loss of accuracy from the
'double' recode involved. Code linking the 1972 UK occupational unit codes
with both ISCO-68 and ISCO-88 schemas is also available from Herman van de
Werfhorst's website.
[CAMSIS home]
United States
|
Summary of downloadable
files |
The US CAMSIS version was calculated on the 1990 Standard Occupational
Classification (SOC) schema. The IPUMS
website includes considerable detail of this title unit schema, as well as
notes on the historical development of the US occupational unit schema,
including details on linking between versions (available from both the
IPUMS-US and IPUMS international site). This
file provides SPSS code for both defining subgroups around, and adding
text value labels to, the 1990 SOC codes.
The US 1990 and 1980 codes are nearly equivalent, but with a few
differences. Jane
Elliott, from the Institute of Education, has supplied some information
on the linkage between the US80 and US90 schema, which is presented in this
Word document.
Harry Ganzeboom's ISMF project pages show information
linking the USA 1980 SOC units with ISCO88. This SPSS
include file for linking 1980 units to ISCO uses that those files,
representing the macro in a different format and adding one additional recode.
Using the codes provided to us by Jane Elliott on the
linkage between the US80 and US90 categories, along with further information
provided by her on the compatibility of these with ISCO88, we were able to
construct this SPSS
file which links US90 to ISCO88 units.
[CAMSIS home]
Vietnam
|
Summary of downloadable
files |
| Sub-group derivations: |
|
| Text value labels: |
1989 /
1999 |
| Translations between versions: |
|
| Links to other schema: |
|
The IPUMS International project website includes
documentation on the Vietnamese Census occupational classifications of 1989
and 1999.
[CAMSIS home]
Miscellaneous
[CAMSIS home]
